Function of Water in the Human Body

Function of Water in the Human Body Water mainly enters the human body through the food and drink we consume. A small proportion of water is obtained from oxidative metabolism e.g. in respiration. Human beings mainly lose water by excretion in urine and faeces. Water is also lost through evaporation e.g. as sweat (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Frederic H.M. 2006) The kidneys are highly specialised organs of the body and play an important role in homeostasis. The kidney maintains homeostasis by regulating water balance, waste removal and blood composition and pressure. The kidneys dispose of waste by-products of metabolism and hence prevent the build up of toxic products in the body and to regulate the chemical components of the bodys fluids by responding to any imbalances of body fluids. These functions are fulfilled by a process of filtration of blood, which mainly includes the movement of solutes between the internal fluid and external environment. The movement of solutes is normally through a transport epithelium, in the case of the kidney it is in the form of a tubular channel; this tubular channel gives the kidney a large surface area. The kidneys weigh less than 1% of the human body, they receive approximately 2 % of blood pumped with each heartbeat. Urine exits the kidney through a duct called the ureter. The ureters of both kidneys drain into a common urinary bladder. Urine leaves the body from the urinary bladder to the urethra which empties near the vagina in females or through the penis in males. (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Michael F. et al. 2001) At one end the nephron forms a cup-shaped structure called glomerulus From the glomerulus a tube runs towards the centre of the kidney first forming a twisted region called the proximal convoluted tubule and then a long hair-pin loop in the medulla, it runs back upwards into the cortex where it forms another twisted region called the distal convoluted tubule, this then joins a collecting duct which leads down the medulla and into the renal pelvis The functional unit of the kidney is a nephron. Microscopic sections of the kidney show that the kidney is made up of thousands of nephrons. Fig1b shows the location of a nephron and Fig2 shows the detailed structure of a nephron. Each renal capsule is supplied with blood by the afferent arteriole a branch of the renal artery this splits into many capillaries in the capsule which then rejoin to form the afferent arteriole. The nephrons structure is closely related to its function of regulating solutes Osmoregulation is maintaining constant levels of water in the body. Cells cannot survive a huge deviation from its osmolality. Hence, cells have a continuous movement of water across their plasma membranes. A net gain of water will cause the cell to swell up and burst, while a net loss of water will cause the cell to shrivel up and die. Water is transported by osmosis around the body. Osmoregulation is accomplished by creating an osmotic gradient; this requires lots of energy and is done by maintaining solute concentrations in the body fluids. The osmolality of the body is fixed at a mean of 2905 mosmos/g. The kidney is able to maintain a constant osmolality as its able to adjust the rate of water excretion over a wide range. The volume of the extra-cellular fluid is mainly determined by the concentration of sodium ions, hence slight adjustments to the renal excretion rate have a major impact on the extracellular fluid volume. Changes in tubular sodium transport is accompanied by parallel movements of water, this results in no net change in body fluid osmolality (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Frederic H.M. 2006, Michael F. et al. 2001) The loop of Henle creates a longitudinal osmotic gradient across the medulla; this aids the reabsorption of water and other important solutes. Ascending and descending limb are parallel and adjacent to each other with a layer of tissue fluid in between. Fluid enters from the proximal convoluted tubules flows down the descending limb and then up the ascending limb. This is known as a counter-current flow. Thewalls of the descending limb are permeable to water, while the walls of the ascending limb are impermeable to water. The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is made up of a thick walled tubule which is impermeable to the outward movement of water but not salt. The red arrows on fig3 show the movement of water amd solutes along the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. Also, the walls of the ascending limb contain pumps to remove sodium chloride from the lumen and add it to the surrounding interstitial fluid. Hence sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascen ding limb. This is the site of reabsorption in the kidney, here fluid from theenters and the kidney reabsorbs all the useful solutes and water. The permeability of the loop and the collecting duct depends on the osmolality of the blood and is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus A high concentration of salt builds up in the medullary tissue, this together with urea retention by these tissues, helps build up a high osmotic pressure in the medullary tissue. This creates a gradient of 200 mosm/g across the tubular wall at any point and causes a loss of water from the descending limb. The loss of water concentrates sodium and chloride ions in the descending limb. Salt concentration in the medullary tissue is highest at the apex of the loop, the tissue in the deeper layers of the medulla contain a very concentrated solution of sodium ions, chloride ions and urea. The fluid leaving the ascending limb is hypo-osmolar as compared to the fluid that enters and has a osmolality of approximately 100 mosm/g .Sodium and chloride ions diffuse out in the lower part of the ascending limb. Fluid passes down the collecting duct through the medullary tissue of increasing salt concentration, water can pass out of it by osmosis. The reabsorbed water is carried away by blood capil laries (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Frederic H.M. 2006, Michael F. et al. 2001) Control of water regulation Osmoregulation by the kidney involves a negative feedback mechanism. The osmoreceptors are in the hypothalamus and the effectors are the pituitary gland and the walls of the distal convoluted tubules. Osmoreceptors detect alterations of water levels and send impulses to the pituitary gland which then increase or decrease the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In the case of a low osmolality,when the nerve cells are stimulated by osmoreceptors action potentials travel down them, this causes ADH to be released from their endings into the blood capillaries in the posterior pituitary gland from here it is distributed throughout the body. ADH acts on the plasma membranes of the cells of the collecting ducts. ADH is picked up by a receptor on the plasma membrane which then activates an enzyme. This causes vesicles with water permeable channels to fuse with the plasma membrane hence ADH makes the membrane more permeable to water than usual. Hence more water will be reabsorbed by the collecting duct and more concentrated urine will be produced. On the other hand, when the blood water content rises the osmoreceptors are no longer stimulated and hence do not lead to the secretion of ADH. Hence, ADH secretion slows down and the collecting duct cells become less permeable to water, so less water is reabsorbed and more diluted urine is produced  (Campbell N. A. et al. 1999, Frederic H.M. 2006, Michael F. et al. 2001) In conclusion, the regulation of water is essential for the survival of human beings and is carried out by the kidneys and monitored by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and controlled by the pituitary gland. Each of these plays an equally important role in the regulation of water and without any one of them the body will not be able to function in a normal manner. [Words: 1328]

Kurt Cobain: Collection Of Personal Accounts From Family Relatives :: essays research papers

Kurt Cobain: Collection of Personal Accounts From Family Relatives I would like to share some of the memories and perceptions I have concerning this unique, rare and original human being called Kurt Cobain. I knew Kurt during his teen-age years in the period from about 1979 to 1984. I was in my mid-30s and living in and near Montesano. My sister married Kurt's dad, Don, and also lived in Montesano. My grandfather comprehended the intelligence and individuality in Kurt at a time when Kurt was being beaten down mentally and physically. "Gramps" often told me of his respect for Kurt's tenacity and compassion even though he was in emotional pain. Shortly before Gramps died, he had been talking about Kurt. He looked at me and said words to the effect that he could see a nobility about Kurt that he had never seen in anyone in all his 70 years. One time, Gramps invited Kurt along on one of our steelhead fishing trips. We were spread out a few hundred feet apart along the Wynooche River. All of a sudden, we heard this horrendous combination of screaming, warbling and yodeling from Kurt, who was upstream and out of sight. Gramps told me to run up there and help Kurt, who must have hooked a big fish. When I reached Kurt, he didn't even have his line in the water. When I asked him what was going on, he just looked at me with those piercing eyes and huge grin. He said, "Oh, I'm just trying to thicken my vocal chords so I can scream better!" When I went back to Gramps to tell him, he just grinned and said, "It figures, We'll just let him be!" We can now say, "Thank you, Kurt, for thickening your vocal chords!" Kurt didn't fit the general mold of society in a logging town, and so he was beaten upon by people who didn't understand him. One day I heard that he was in a fight a few blocks away. When I ran to the scene, the fight was over. However, I heard from a friend that Kurt was assaulted by a burly, 250-pound logger type. Evidently, Kurt did not even fight; he just presented the bully with the appropriate hand gesture everytime he was knocked down until the bully gave up. To top it all off, Kurt just had that usual grin on his face! A final footnote to this small remembrance of Kurt: A wonderful picture comes to mind of a rare, sunny day when I peeked out the window into the yard. Kurt Cobain: Collection Of Personal Accounts From Family Relatives :: essays research papers Kurt Cobain: Collection of Personal Accounts From Family Relatives I would like to share some of the memories and perceptions I have concerning this unique, rare and original human being called Kurt Cobain. I knew Kurt during his teen-age years in the period from about 1979 to 1984. I was in my mid-30s and living in and near Montesano. My sister married Kurt's dad, Don, and also lived in Montesano. My grandfather comprehended the intelligence and individuality in Kurt at a time when Kurt was being beaten down mentally and physically. "Gramps" often told me of his respect for Kurt's tenacity and compassion even though he was in emotional pain. Shortly before Gramps died, he had been talking about Kurt. He looked at me and said words to the effect that he could see a nobility about Kurt that he had never seen in anyone in all his 70 years. One time, Gramps invited Kurt along on one of our steelhead fishing trips. We were spread out a few hundred feet apart along the Wynooche River. All of a sudden, we heard this horrendous combination of screaming, warbling and yodeling from Kurt, who was upstream and out of sight. Gramps told me to run up there and help Kurt, who must have hooked a big fish. When I reached Kurt, he didn't even have his line in the water. When I asked him what was going on, he just looked at me with those piercing eyes and huge grin. He said, "Oh, I'm just trying to thicken my vocal chords so I can scream better!" When I went back to Gramps to tell him, he just grinned and said, "It figures, We'll just let him be!" We can now say, "Thank you, Kurt, for thickening your vocal chords!" Kurt didn't fit the general mold of society in a logging town, and so he was beaten upon by people who didn't understand him. One day I heard that he was in a fight a few blocks away. When I ran to the scene, the fight was over. However, I heard from a friend that Kurt was assaulted by a burly, 250-pound logger type. Evidently, Kurt did not even fight; he just presented the bully with the appropriate hand gesture everytime he was knocked down until the bully gave up. To top it all off, Kurt just had that usual grin on his face! A final footnote to this small remembrance of Kurt: A wonderful picture comes to mind of a rare, sunny day when I peeked out the window into the yard.

Bart Simpson: Horney’s Psychoanalytic Social Theory Essay

Psychology of Personality Bart Simpson is the oldest son of Homer and Marge Simpson on the Fox TV show The Simpsons. At only 10 years of age, Bart has already established himself in the community and in his family as a trouble-maker. He is the oldest child in his family with two younger sister, Maggie and Lisa. To Karen Horney, Bart’s experiences with his parents would greatly influence his future personality. Bart’s interactions with his father, Homer, provide a perfect situation for the analysis of a parents influence on personality development. Homer’s relationship with Bart and the other children is very dysfunctional to say the least. His interactions with his son most often consist of a highly angered reaction to something that Bart has done at which point Homer lashes out, strangling Bart. According to Horney, when children experience a lack of affection from their parents this can lead to future feelings of isolation. The anxiety that stems from these feelings effect one’s interactions with other people; whether the are withdrawn, move toward, or move against others. We can see from Bart’s interactions with others on the show that he is actively moving against others. His behavior is often defiant and he strives to master every situation he finds himself in. As he exploits the weaknesses of others to gain respect and attention, he is working to relieve the feelings of basic anxiety that stem from his realtionship with his father. Bart has two true friends, Milhouse and Ralph Wiggum, both of whom are outcasts socially and look to Bart as a leader. These types of relationships, according to Horneyian theory, satisfy Bart’s neurotic need for power and exploit as well as his neurotic need for personal admiration. As Bart’s interpersonal relationships have been effected by his relationship with his father, so too has his perception of himself. Horney believed that basic anxiety can also have intrapsychic consequences as well. Bart’s earlier conflicts with his father could effect his journey towards self-realization and result in an idealized self-image and a neurotic search for glory. That Bart has an idealized self-image is apparent from his behavior an can be observed as he acts out against authority as if there are no consequences for his actions. His belief that he is in control  of every situation is an example of the neurotic perception of his own â€Å"exalted faculties.† Bart’s relationship with his father, following Horneyian Psychoanalytic Social Theory, would greatly impact his personality development. To anyone who has seen The Simpsons, it is obvious that Bart’s anti-social behavior is a product of his dysfunctional family life and specifically, his realtionship with his father.

Khamosh Pani review Essays

Khamosh Pani review Essays Khamosh Pani review Essay Khamosh Pani review Essay Speaking to the Constituent Assembly in 1947, MA Zinnia presented his vision for the country: If you change your past and work in the spirit that every one of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what his color, caste, or creed is first, second, and last a citizen of his State with equal rights, privileges, and obligations, there will be no end to the progress you will make (McDermott, Gordon et. Al. 759). In subsequent months, the constitutional debates revealed the deep divisions that existed within the country. Less than 2 years after Jinnis speech, the Objectives Resolution held that Islam was to be the guiding force in Pakistanis political life. Still later, the Minor Report of 1953 concluded that an Islamic state was anathema to the ideals of political modernity and that Pakistan ought to be a liberal secular state. These two conceptions of religion set up a constitutive tension in which Salamis political significance becomes ambivalent as doctrinally inflexible, historically anachronistic, and therefore incommensurable with modern statehood. This existential tension is visualized in Sabina Sumacs film Shampoo Pain (Silent Waters). Set in a Punjabi village near Rawlins, it tells the story of Ayes, a widow raising her teenage son Salami in 1 979 just after General Siss military coup. They enjoy a mostly serene existence until radical Psalmists arrive from Lahore to induct new recruits for the jihad cause and to propagate the Colonization of the country. Initially dismissive of the zealots dour persona, the impressionable Salami is taken in by the sheer forcefulness of their rhetoric, frustrated as he is by the lack of opportunities offered by his circumstances, and perhaps threatened by the educational ambitions of his girlfriend Subside. The arrival in the village of Sikh pilgrims, coupled with Salamis growing anger and intolerance, leads to the revelation of long-buried and horrific secrets within his own family, ending with Ayes making the sacrifice that she wasnt ready to make in the turmoil of Partition. The painful meaning Of the films title becomes dreadfully clear. Several scenes depict the social transformation that takes place in Pakistan during this period: the adolescent romance of Salami and Subside to the knowledge of others in the village, Subsidys simple dreams of creating her own wealth with a mixer, a ceiling fan, and a job in a big office, a colorful wedding replete with music, dance, and drinking. With the arrival of fundamentalist forces, however, we sense the burgeoning air of terror and story in the village: the postmans fearful observation that no matter what has happened, you never hang a Prime Minister, the chatty barber being warned when he jokes about the General and his grooming ritual , the wall around the girls school being raised, shops being forced to close during amaze, the Sikh pilgrims being bullied by the zealots while at prayer, and Ayes being ostracizes unless she publicly declares her unsullied Muslim identity. The character of Salami is remarkable in his ability to project both confused aggression and intense vulnerability. His transition from the natural joy of a carefree, flute-playing young man in love in the first part of the film, to the indoctrinated and sullen faux brute of the second demonstrates the process by which political ideology leads to social transformation. His personal sense of crisis through the process is revealed in scenes such as when Salami lets his propaganda fliers float into the stream, and then shoots them in frustration, or asks his mother why she isnt proud of him. Shampoo Pain is as much Salamis story as it is Essays: a woman first scarred y the ferocious tearing apart of her family and homeland, only to be devastated years later when her son is taken from her by the new claimants of the same destructive forces. Through traumatic flashbacks, the film reveals the violence of Partition in which many women were killed by their own families or forced to commit suicide to protect their honor from rape by other men. Unable to protect his women from rape, Veers father chooses such a method of maintaining their purity and retaining the communitys masculinity. Helpless against the chaos around them, and unable to secure retention from the state, communities frequently resorted to such ritualistic executions. Such practices suggest a desire to control their destiny; a desire for agency that took womens bodies to be a site for preservation. Every refuses this fate and instead submits to violence by men from the other community and dislocation from her own. At the same time, she claims space for herself, as Muslim Ayes, in her ancestral village Charka, now located in Pakistan. The film also connects local suffering to global power. The events of 1979 that engulf Charka involve global politics, as two superpowers, the United States ND the Soviet Union, struggle for world dominance. Politicized Islam is used to generate cadres of young men willing to join the American-led jihad in Afghanistan. The internalizing of these macro processes is remarkable. In an early scene, one of the organizers from Lahore reminds his stauncher companion: were here not to fight but to convince. Reaffirmation of religion within Pakistan helps identify those who will be transformed into holy warriors. During this process, communal divisions are deployed to recognize those who belong to the polity and those who are outsiders. The importance of Shampoo Pain lies in presenting politicized Islam and its connection to communality and social transformation as a process. It serves as an important critique of state-sponsored religion and its effects on peoples lives. The film simultaneously threads some of the most controversial and emotionally blistering issues of Partition, communality, the indoctrination of disaffected youth, and what it means to be female, especially in times of conflict. The simple narrative about a widow in a Pakistani village and her boy is extraordinarily effective.

Assignment 301TaskA Essay

Assignment 301TaskA Essay Assignment 301TaskA Essay Assignment 301 Steven Morgan Task A Candidate No: Understanding Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Education and Training Information leaflet To pass on knowledge is one of your roles as a teacher; however, this in part only scratches the surface. You will be responsible to know your students and their needs, so be understanding on how the learner learns. This will make not only their experience a good one, but make you a better teacher. If you have knowledge, let others light their candles at it. ~Margaret Fuller. You will ensure a safe environment where learners feel comfortable and are able to participate fully in the course content. Teachers will comply with any guidance on Health and safety and other legislation relating to safeguarding the rights of individuals whether they are children or adults with or without specific needs and requirements. You will also be familiar with relevant policies and procedures and any local standing orders, this will encourage inclusiveness and appreciation of those with differences and seeing these as wealth and not a hindrance. You will develop to promote inclusion of all those who want to learn and those who are reluctant at first to learn. You will also encourage personal achievement. As part of ensuring that you have a safe environment you must make sure that the learning environment is as needed and that optimal class participation is achievable, heat, light and access and egress are suitable for all. You will conduct getting to know you ice breakers to allow class bonding as this will help you in not only getting to know the learners but the learners being put at ease with each other. The setting of ground rules will set the boundaries of the course; group participation is the key here and will allow the learners to set some of their own ground rules. Not only will these set the limits for the class but can be used to reinforce behaviour if need be. As the teacher you will be responsible to plan and assemble the required course content which will be tailored to meet the demands of the task that you have been set. The use of different resources and learning methods such a PowerPoint, videos or handouts must enhance the learner’s experience. This has to be customized to the needs of the learner, to include any specific needs where reasonably can be met. If a child can’t learn the way we teach, maybe we should teach the way that they learn. ~ Ignacio Estrada. The delivery of sound structured lessons will be of a high standard and

Substance Abuse Policies on Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Substance Abuse Policies on Workplace - Essay Example The employer should refer the employee to an EAP program. EAP's furnish professional counselors who provide confidential assessment and short-term counseling to employees and their families in order to assist in dealing with substance abuse, marriage and family problems, stress related problems, financial and legal difficulties. The business community recognizes that everyday life stresses and more serious problems such as drug abuse can negatively affect employee attendance, concentration and productivity. Employees realize that being provided with an EAP to help solve these problems means the employer values the employee. Whether or not an employee uses the services of the company EAP, there is more respect for the employer who provides the service. The EAP will keep the employer informed of the employee's progress and compliance with treatment. Although having an EAP available is not a legal requirement, it is good business. Against that backdrop, employees know that their employer has their interests at heart. Managers should choose an appropriate time to annually reiterate to employees the company's substance abuse insurance benefits. At that time, clearly make known the company's commitment to confidentiality and interest in employees' well being. Encourage workers to take advantage of available insurance coverage if they need help for alcoholism or other drug dependency.

Electrical Engineering specialization on Circuit Design Research Paper

Electrical Engineering specialization on Circuit Design - Research Paper Example However, some choose not to be involved in engineering works as they are involved in such areas as purchasing and sales, human resource management and even law (Baker, 16). Often engineers specialize in different fields within the electrical engineering. Good examples of such discipline include control system and communications and more so the appliance parts such as aerospace, computer and medical and electric power supply and distribution (IIeee Transactions on Aerospace and Navigational Electronics, 62) In this paper I will critically examine the current improvement position of art of for computer-aided design, equipment meant for analog and mixed signal integrated circuits (Huijsing, Johan, Rudy & Willy, 77). Due to increased technology and raise in the need for communication with outside world, there has been a lot of advances in design productivity and advance the superiority of analog integrated circuit through the introduction of a new digital system. In this paper I will look into various advances and progress in this field, the innovation and motivational factors and problems encountered The current market microelectronics are featured by increasing complexities in the levels of integration, the coming up of ICs which are multi-million transistors. Such markets, markets for application-specific ICs denoted as (ASICs), application specific standard parts denoted as (ASSPs) and lastly the high-volume commodity ICs. Currently, a whole system which there before was in use one or more floorboard, through the advancement in technology, there has been a lot of integration of these devices into only some chips or even one chip (Baker, 77). Good examples of systems on a chip are such device as a one-chip TV or Camera or even the current integrated telecommunication system. Examples of this current telecommunication system